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 * Gene Cloning with Bacterial Plasmids: **

  **Describe**: Gene Cloning starts with plasmids which are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome. Even though a plasmid only has a small number of genes they are still useful in some environments. Gene Cloning is the making of multiple copies. This is useful in two different ways; the first is that is can make copies of a particular gene and it also produce a protein product.

 **Analyze**: In order to clone pieces of DNA first they will have to isolate a plasmid for a cell and insert a foreign DNA from another source. Making the plasmid recombinant which means combining DNA from two sources. Replacing the plasmid in the original bacteria cell in order to produce a recombinant bacterium. The cell continues through cell division in order to form clones of the cells ( a population of genetically identical cells).

 **Apply**: Gene cloning can be used to get certain proteins that a person may need because their body doesn't produce them. Such as insulin that some people just can't make causing them to have shots each day for that with insulin that is most likely cloned. Gene cloning is used in many medical places, a lot of it is used for human growth hormones that are needed in large numbers.

 **Synthesize**: Gene Cloning makes me think about all the other things we could clone other than genes. Who says that we have to stop there, there are millions of people out there that are in need of body parts or other things that they can't get unless someone else dies. There could be so much we could do for them and all that but don't think about it like we should. People these days only think about the negative instead of the positive.

**Opinion**: I believe that gene cloning is a very positive thing that we got into when starting off we thought that it would never be possible. We have advanced so much since when we started. This is one of the best things that we could of invented or discovered. So many people benefit from it, even though it can be expensive there are always good things that come from it.

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Nucleic Acid Hybridization:

Describe: Scientist can detect the gene's ability to base-pair with a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. Normally the complementary molecule is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid which can be RNA or DNA. These are called the nucleic acid probe. Knowing some of the nucleotide sequence of the gene of interest they can synthesis the rest of it to a probe.

Analyze: Each Probe starts with a hydrogen-bond that is specific to its complementary strand on another molecule. Knowing at least part of the nucleotide sequence of the gene they can synthesize a probe complementary to it.

Apply: Nucleic Acid Hybridization detects specific DNA sequence within a mixture of DNA molecules.

Synthesize:This is like a DNA molecule finding its own pair but needing assistance so scientist preform hybridization in order to find it a complementary pair

Opinion:This process saves many people in finding a complementary sequence for a broken DNA or RNA molecule. This can help many people in finding a new DNA that they maybe lacking.

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Genomic Library:  Describe: A complete set of plasmid- containing cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome. These days most scientist use there libraries from another researcher or a sequencing center.

<span style="color: #f61313; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Analyze: Certain bacteriophage have also have been used as a vector for cloning in order to make these libraries. Some DNA fragments can be spliced into a trimmed down version of a phage genome.

<span style="color: #f61313; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Apply: The infection process allows production of many new phage particles, each carry some of the foreign DNA.

<span style="color: #f61313; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Synthesize:This reminds me of a regular library and how you can find pretty much anything that you need. This holds millions of copies and so do libraries.

<span style="color: #f61313; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Opinion: Genomic library gives us many ways to see clones. This also helps the scientist figure out the different types of clones and which ones will work. This also allows scientist to run and re run test to see what can work and what wont work with more than one test. This also keeps and stores many clones and test that have already been ran.

Polymerase Chain Reaction: media type="youtube" key="_YgXcJ4n-kQ" height="197" width="239" align="right"

Describe: Also known as PCR. This kicks in when a source of DNA is scanty or impure. This making it move faster and more selective. In this any specific target segment within one or more DNA molecule can be quickly amplified in a test tube. Analyze: PCR can make billions of copies of the target segment of DNA within a few hours. This happens in less time than it would to actually scan a genomic library for a clone. Apply: This allows scientist to produces many copies in half the time as it would if they had to go to the genomic library. Also gives them another way to

Opinion: This reaction is improving out science step by step and helping out a lot.


 * Part 2: Studying Expression and Function of Gene **


 * <span style="color: #44ac49; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Gel Electrophoresis: **media type="youtube" key="0x2Lh5Rq8e0" height="228" width="277" align="right"

<span style="color: #44ac49; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> : Involved in studying DNA molecules. The gel acts as a molecular sieve to seperate nucleic acids and/or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge and other physical properties.

<span style="color: #44ac49; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Analyze**: Because nucleic acids carry negative charges on their phosphate groups they travel towards the positive pole. The thicket of the polymer fibers impedes longer molecules more than it does shorter ones. Gel Electrophoresis separates a mixture of linear DNA molecules into bands, each consisting of DNA molecules of the same length.

<span style="color: #44ac49; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Apply**: When you are at a crime scene and have more than one blood sample or some sort of DNA and there are other samples that you want to match it to then they use gel electrophoresis to determine if any of the samples. This process may take a long time but when done right there can be good things to it. This can be very accurate if done correctly. This may be the old way of things being done but this can still be a good way if no computers are doing it right.

<span style="color: #44ac49; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Opinion:** Gel Electrophoresis helps forensic people figure out who did the crime or who had been where at what time. This can also help a person determine who their parents are or if they are sick.


 * <span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Southern Blotting: **

<span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Describe:** This combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization.

<span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Analyze:** This allows scientist or crime scene workers to detect just those bands that include parts of the B-globin gene. The principle is the same as in nucleic acid hybridization for screening bacterial clones. The <span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> probe is usually a radioactive single stranded DNA molecule that is complementary to the gene of interest.

<span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Apply**: Scientist can detect specific nucleotide sequences within a complex DNA sample with this method. It is used for comparing the restriction fragments produced from different samples of genomic DNA

<span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Synthesize:** This reminds me of when trying to find a missing kid or trying to see if your children are actually your children. There you have to compare all the fragments and DNA in order to make sure that they are.

<span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Opinion:** This can help a lot of people out with trying to find different methods and is a great advancement in science.


 * <span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Microarrays: **

media type="youtube" key="VNsThMNjKhM" height="349" width="425" align="right" <span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Describe:** Genome wide expression studies are only possible with microarrays. They consist of tiny amounts o <span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">f a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes.

<span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Analyze**: This can also be called DNA chip. These fragments represent all the genes of an organism.

<span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Apply**: With cDNA molecules are used in order to preform this. This can help researchers preform assays more than 90% of the genes.

<span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Synthesize**: This is like trying to find the growth stages of an organism. This can take up to years to figure out that there are many more stages in an organism then what people think.

<span style="color: #a422a5; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Argue**: This can help people figure out the different types of genes. This can help figure out more cures and different diseases.

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 * Part 3: Cloning Organisms**

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<span style="color: #ff0079; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Animal Cloning:

<span style="color: #ff0079; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Describe: This is the taking of a sperm and an egg and putting them in a organism and having them grow and feed off of you.

<span style="color: #ff0079; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Analyze: This can be used to reproduce animals and not worry about them growing old and dieing.

<span style="color: #ff0079; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Apply: The only thing that is able to be cloned for now is animals we haven't tried it on anything else. There are many complications to cloning things.

<span style="color: #ff0079; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Opinion: I believe that cloning is a very bad thing to do. This can lead to so many problems in so many ways. I believe that cloning should not be allowed at all anywhere on anything.

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 * Part 4: Practical Application of DNA Technology**

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Gene Therapy:

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Describe: The alteration of an afflicted individuals gene.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Analyze: A normal cell can be put into an affected cell and help it cure the problem. This can go either good or bad.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Apply: This is helping lead to the cure of cancer.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Synthesize: This is what all scientist work on in order to cure people. They work night and day to find a way to keep us alive longer.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Opinion: This can help curing diseases and finding more ways to help people. There are many people out there that have no way of ever living with the dise <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ase that they have because they wont ever have a cure. This can help figure out what ways to help cure this.

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<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Transgenic Animals:

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Describe**: Scientist introduce a gene from one animal to a genome of another animal. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Analyze**: they remove an egg cell from a female and fertilize them in vitro. As this is happening they clone the desired gene from another organism.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Apply**:They now inject the cloned DNA directly into the nuclei of the fertilized egg. Some of the cells transgene into their genomes and are able to express the foreign gene.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Synthesize**: The is exactly like cloning. They just don't put it where it grows out of the side of it or has to be attached to it.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> **Opinion**: Transgenic animals can be a very good thing in order to reproduce something that cant have its own babies. This will allow them to have them but them just not be their DNA type.

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<span style="color: #089b6b; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Genetic Profiles:

<span style="color: #089b6b; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Describe: Gives the ways that a organism is made up. This shows us the genetics of an organism.

<span style="color: #089b6b; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Analyze: This allows us to see how each organism works. This also shows how each organism is different in so many ways.

<span style="color: #089b6b; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Apply: We use this to tell how different you are from your brother even though you have the same parents.

<span style="color: #089b6b; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Synthesize: This is the same as in a crime scene when the suspect is not known. This can also show that there may be differences in blood samples that are located at a crime scene.

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